Progressive Care Nursing Certification (PCCN) Practice Exam

What effect do endotoxins have in sepsis regarding tumor necrosis factor?

1. Neutrophil activation and platelet aggregation

2. Parathyroid hormone production

3. Increased CO2 levels

4. Increased intracranial pressure

The correct answer is: Neutrophil activation and platelet aggregation

In the context of sepsis, endotoxins play a crucial role in the immune response and are primarily derived from the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria. When endotoxins are introduced into the bloodstream, they significantly stimulate the immune system, particularly the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, one of which is tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Tumor necrosis factor is pivotal in the body’s response to infection. Its release leads to a cascade of inflammation and immune activation, which includes neutrophil activation and platelet aggregation. Activated neutrophils are critical in targeting and destroying pathogens, and they also release more inflammatory mediators, further amplifying the immune response. Platelet aggregation is a response to injury and infection that can help to localize the inflammatory process and initiate clotting, which is also critical in protecting the body during sepsis. Because of the roles of TNF and endotoxins in upregulating these immune responses, the option relating to neutrophil activation and platelet aggregation correlates clearly with the pathological mechanisms at play during sepsis. Other options provided do not directly relate to the effects of endotoxin-induced TNF in the sepsis context, making the choice that emphasizes the inflammatory cascade the most relevant and accurate