Progressive Care Nursing Certification (PCCN) Practice Exam

What is the leading cause of heart failure in the United States?

1. Valvular disease

2. Ischemic heart disease

3. Renal failure

4. Hepatitis

The correct answer is: Ischemic heart disease

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of heart failure in the United States due to its direct impact on the heart's ability to function effectively. Ischemic heart disease, which includes conditions such as coronary artery disease, occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough blood due to narrowed or blocked coronary arteries, often as a result of atherosclerosis. This inadequate blood flow can lead to myocardial ischemia and any resultant myocardial infarction (heart attack), both of which significantly weaken the heart muscle and impair its contractile function, ultimately leading to heart failure. When the heart is unable to pump effectively, it causes a cascade of problems, including fluid buildup, shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention, which are hallmark signs of heart failure. Given the prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking associated with ischemic heart disease, it remains a critical public health concern and the primary cause of heart failure in the U.S. Other conditions listed, such as valvular disease, renal failure, and hepatitis, can contribute to heart failure, but their incidence and overall impact are significantly lower compared to ischemic heart disease. Valvular disease may lead to heart failure but is often secondary to ischemic heart